Summary statistics of vocal rate (VR) and dominant acoustic frequency (DF) in dog vocalisations.

The potential for individual coding (PIC) is a measure that quantifies the ratio between the inter- and the intra-individual coefficients of variation, with values >1 indicating high individual distinctiveness. Typical vocal contexts are provided, although in some cases (e.g., barks, howls) vocalisations can be used in a range of situations spanning the affiliative-agonistic continuum.

(DOCX)