Vaa3D visualization of 4D and 5D microscopic images, as well as associated 3D surface objects, of different model animals.

(a) The hierarchical (multi-scale) 3D visualization of a fluorescent confocal image of fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) brain using both global and local 3D viewers. In the global viewer, different brain compartments rendered using surface meshes (in different colors) are overlaid on top of the 3D volume of a fruit fly brain. When an image is very large, the global viewer can serve for navigation purpose. A user can quickly define any 3D local region of interest and display it in a local 3D viewer using full resolution. In this example, the brain voxels can be rendered in a different color from the global viewer, while the user can optionally display other surface objects, such as the single 3D-reconstructed neuron (yellow). (b) 5D visualization of a series of multi-color 3D image stacks of C. elegans (courtesy of Rex Kerr). Different 3D viewing angles can be adjusted in real-time in Vaa3D, with which the user can freely change the displayed time point (bottom).