YFV-17D induces mitochondrial hyper-functionality and energetic overcommitment.

(A) Seahorse XF cell mito stress test profile of HepG2 cells infected with mock, YFV-17D (MOI 0.1), or DENV2 (MOI 1) at 12hpi, 24hpi, and 48hpi. (B) Quantification of Seahorse XF mito stress test parameters (basal respiration, maximal respiration, ATP-linked respiration, and spare respiratory capacity) in mock, YFV-17D, or DENV2 infected HepG2 cells over 48 h. (C) Quantification of intracellular ATP levels in mock, YFV-17D, and DENV2 infected HepG2 cells at 24 hpi and 48 hpi. (D) Quantification of mitochondrial membrane potential (TMRE) in mock, YFV-17D, and DENV2 infected HepG2 cells between 24 hpi and 72 hpi. (E) Mitochondrial membrane potential at 48 hpi with molecular clone-derived YFV variants. Values represent the mean ± SD (B: n = 12, C: n = 4, D: n = 3, E: n = 4). Statistical significance was assessed using two-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001.