Single-stage cluster sampling.

Quantile boxplots for 1,000 stratified 4-level simulated single-stage cluster sampling trials using H-T estimation. The bar in each box is the median value of the estimate, while outliers deviating by one or more quantiles from the median are denoted as discrete points. Four selected sections are completely sampled on each simulation trial. (1) “Survey” is the measured value of the population of the 20 sections (25,954 persons). (2) 4L/4C (pers.)—4 cluster sample, sections stratified by “persons per section.” (3) 4L/4C (strs.)—4 cluster sample, sections stratified by “residential structures per section.” (4) 1L/4C—4 clusters selected at random from the 20 available sections.