Short-range stiffness.

A: Relationship between muscle force and changes in muscle length for different perturbation amplitudes. Traces represent the changes in tension following cyclical changes in fascicle length of varying amplitude. Data were schematically reproduced from Rack and Westbury [12]. The short-range stiffness (gray) and static force-length curve (black) are represented. B: Perturbation-related motion following perturbation pulses applied on a simulated single joint system with high stiffness in the short range (<5 deg), and low stiffness beyond the short range. The gray (3 Nm) and black (5 Nm) perturbation pulses were chosen to illustrate the impact of rapid changes in muscles properties. See Methods for details about the derivation from muscles parameters (fascicle length, physiological cross sectional area and moment arm). C: Peak-to-peak joint displacement (solid, left axis) and first zero-crossing time (dashed, right axis) as a function of the perturbation magnitude under the hypothesis of limb-impedance control. The parameters corresponding to single trajectories plotted in Panel B are reported with similar color code (gray: 3 Nm, black: 5 Nm).