Mean Annual Precipitation Explains Spatiotemporal Patterns of Cenozoic Mammal Beta Diversity and Latitudinal Diversity Gradients in North America - Figure 1

Mid to late Cenozoic trends of (A) δ¹⁸O (‰) from benthic foraminifera (Zachos et al. 2008), (B) mean annual precipitation estimated from paleosols (Retallack, 2007), (C) β diversity of North American mammal species measured using multivariate dispersion (average distance from the centroid), and (D) strength of latitudinal turnover gradients (LTGs) measured as gradient strength for North American fossil mammals. Black lines are raw values, gray lines are residuals from significant sampling bias predictors, and gray dashed lines are re-sampled. Standard errors for re-sampled data are too small to display.