Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) of astrocytes regulates TLR3, TRIF, pIRF3, and NF-κB expression and cytokine release after oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD).

(A and B) Protein expression of TLR3 was upregulated after IPC and OGD, as measured by Western blot analysis (A) and immunofluorescence staining (B). (C and D) IPC of astrocytes before OGD enhanced protein expression of TRIF (C) and pIRF3 (D). (E) IPC prevented the OGD-induced upregulation of pNF-κB protein expression in astrocytes. (F) IPC+OGD enhanced the release of IFNβ compared to levels in the OGD group. (G) IPC+OGD decreased IL-6 release compared to levels in the OGD group. Values are expressed as mean ± SD of three independent experiments, each carried out in triplicate; *p<0.05, **p<0.01.