Guar gum decreases lipogenesis and increases mitochondrial fatty-acid oxidation in liver and adipose tissue.

(A) PPARγ and UCP2 expression in liver and adipose tissue were analyzed by western blot of mice 12 weeks on diet. Quantification is shown in the upper panel. (B-C) After 12 weeks on diet, liver mitochondria were isolated and maximal ADP-stimulated oxygen consumption (i.e. state 3) and resting state oxygen consumption (i.e. state 4) were determined using palmitoyl CoA and malate as substrates. (D) AMP to ATP ratios in liver and adipose tissue were determined by HPLC after 12 weeks on diet. (E) pAMPK, AMPK, pACC, ACC and FASN expression in liver and adipose tissue were analyzed by western blot of mice 12 weeks on diet. Quantification is shown in the right panel. (F) Relative phosphorylation levels were calculated by the ratio of pAMPK/AMPK and pACC/ACC and normalized for control. (G-H) Lipogenesis and ß-oxidation in liver and adipose tissue after 12 weeks of diet. (I-J) Plasma NEFA concentrations and liver triglycerides after 12 weeks of diet. Values are presented as mean ± SEM for n = 6–8; *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.