Facultative hyperparasitism of P. vindemmiae on conspecifics.

D0-D28 indicate days after the primary parasitism. When healthy Drosophila puparia were lacking, those with primary conspecifics could be used and small parasitoid offspring occurred, but the emergence of the parasitoid delay for about nine days, and the risk of host limitation could be partly relieved. When healthy puparia were available, the smaller foundresses from the conspecific hyperparasitism laid eggs and normal progeny developed.