Maps and time series of average annual bottom temperature projection on the Grand Banks.

a, Time series of average annual bottom temperature for the model domain. The historical period is represented by a black line, while the IPSL-CM6A-LR, GFDL-ESM4, and ACM models are indicated by yellow, purple and green lines, respectively. Dashed lines represent the low emissions scenario (SSP1-2.6), and solid lines depict the high emissions scenario (SSP4-6.0 for ACM, and SSP3-7.0 for GFDL and IPSL). b, Maps of mean annual bottom temperature projections by climate model (GFDL, IPSL and ACM) and RCP scenarios at the end of the century (period 2071–2100). Base map layer from Natural Earth (https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/).