Institutional skepticism proxies.

Expectations regarding the future situation of the country (stagnation/decay) (red), government disapproval (green), no identification with political parties (blue) and no identification with the left-right axis (purple). Authors’ elaboration based on data extracted from the CEP survey (1990–2018) Smooth with loess method (span = 0.3). Shaded area represents confidence interval (95%). All data were normalized to a scale between 1–2.

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