DMDP-1 induces autophagy.

(A) Representative fluorescence images showing punctate distribution of GFP-LC3B in DMDP-1 & -2 treated cells. PC-3 in DU 145 cells were transduced with RFP-GFP-LC3B 48 h before treatment of 9 μM DMDP1, 100 μM choloquine or left untreated (control). Cells were also pretreated with 100 μM CQ for 4 h, followed by 9 μM of DMDP-1 & -2 treatment 24 h later, the punctate distribution of GFP-LC3 was visualized and compared with the diffused distribution in control cells. Percentage of PC-3 cells with obvious accumulation of GFP-LC3 punctate. Means ± SD, n = 3. *: p ≤ 0.05. (B) Expression of LC3-I/II treatment with both analogues with and without inhibitors for 24h. Quantification of band intensities were determined by densitometry analysis and normalized to GADPH using the ImageJ v1.43 software. All results were presented as mean normalized intensity ±S.D. of three independent experiments.