π* statistics (standard error), reflecting badness of fit of a Guttman model to each modeled MMSE item over four years.

π* estimates the proportion of observations that are inconsistent with the model under investigation. Low values of π* suggest that very little (100%×π*) of the data do not fit the model under investigation. Bold values of π* indicate acceptably LOW (<10%) levels of misfit; that is, bold values indicate consistency of the item with the Guttman (‘real’ loss) Model.

This item was recoded so that all possible points right = 1 and any mistakes = 0.

These items were each assigned one point (i.e., not treated as one point together). Items not represented in this table did not have 0/1 coding (name 3 items), had too much missing data (what floor are we on? What county are we in?) or failed to converge (take this paper, fold it in half) in all 3 groups (and over all responses) so estimates of π* were not computable.