Levels of TH and its responsive gene expression.

(A) KEGG pathway enrichment analysis in the publicly available GEO data set. Circulating levels of (B) T3 and (C) T4 in HFD-fed mice with UA or vehicle treatment. The concentration of T3 in (D) BAT and (E) iWAT of HFD-fed mice with UA or vehicle treatment. The concentration of T4 in (F) BAT and (G) iWAT of HFD-fed mice with UA or vehicle treatment. (H) mRNA expression of Dio2 in BAT and (I) iWAT of HFD-fed mice with UA or vehicle treatment. The activity of D2 in (J) BAT and (K) iWAT of HFD-fed mice with UA or vehicle treatment. mRNA expression of thyroid-hormone-responsive genes in (L) BAT and (M) iWAT of HFD-fed mice with UA or vehicle treatment. n = 6 for each experiment. mRNA expression of TH-responsive genes in primary cultured (N) white adipocytes and (O) brown adipocytes in the presence or absence of UA (n = 6). (P) mRNA expressions of UCP1 and Dio2 in beige adipocytes and brown adipocytes. (Q) Immunoblot analysis of UCP-1 protein in beige adipocytes and brown adipocytes. The underlying data for this figure can be found in S1 Data. Accβ, Acetyl-CoA carboxylase beta; BAT, brown adipose tissue; Dio2, Deiodinase 2; FoxO, The forkhead box O; GEO, Gene Expression Omnibus; GSE, GEO Series; HFD, high-fat diet; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; IgA, immunoglobulin A; iWAT, inguinal white adipose tissue; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; Ldhβ, Lactate dehydrogenase B; Pgc1-α, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α; TH, thyroid hormone; T3, triiodothyronine; T4, tetraiodothyronine; UA, urolithin A; UCP-1, Uncoupling protein 1.