10.1371/journal.pone.0221285.g005 Elisha Mrabu Jenoh Elisha Mrabu Jenoh Etienne P. de Villiers Etienne P. de Villiers Santie M. de Villiers Santie M. de Villiers Sheila Okoth Sheila Okoth Joyce Jefwa Joyce Jefwa Esther Kioko Esther Kioko Davies Kaimenyi Davies Kaimenyi Marijke Hendrickx Marijke Hendrickx Farid Dahdouh-Guebas Farid Dahdouh-Guebas Nico Koedam Nico Koedam A scheme indicating the major challenges faced by <i>S</i>. <i>alba</i> and the interactions among the different organisms influencing its survival. Public Library of Science 2019 Pheidole sp mangrove Sonneratia alba   J ant species Oecophylla longipoda Infested wood samples insect woodborer species endophytic fungi Insect damage Mida Creek presence alba trees infestation mechanism pioneer mangrove species Gazi Bay insect woodborers woodborer species control management option 2019-10-04 22:03:16 Figure https://plos.figshare.com/articles/figure/A_scheme_indicating_the_major_challenges_faced_by_i_S_i_i_alba_i_and_the_interactions_among_the_different_organisms_influencing_its_survival_/9941906 <p>The kind of interaction between the organisms is written next to the arrows. Blue dotted lines indicate an assumed beneficial relationship between organisms, a black line indicates a relationship thought to be beneficial, red lines indicate a harmful relationship, whereas a red dotted line indicates a relationship thought to be harmful.</p>