10.1371/journal.pone.0221678.g001 Alexander S. F. Berry Alexander S. F. Berry Renzo Salazar-Sánchez Renzo Salazar-Sánchez Ricardo Castillo-Neyra Ricardo Castillo-Neyra Katty Borrini-Mayorí Katty Borrini-Mayorí Claudia Chipana-Ramos Claudia Chipana-Ramos Melina Vargas-Maquera Melina Vargas-Maquera Jenny Ancca-Juarez Jenny Ancca-Juarez César Náquira-Velarde César Náquira-Velarde Michael Z. Levy Michael Z. Levy Dustin Brisson Dustin Brisson The extant <i>T</i>. <i>cruzi</i> population in Arequipa arose from a single, recent introduction. Public Library of Science 2019 Arequipa South American locations establishment abiotic environment impact cruzi South American phylogeny non-native species 2019-08-27 17:31:10 Figure https://plos.figshare.com/articles/figure/The_extant_i_T_i_i_cruzi_i_population_in_Arequipa_arose_from_a_single_recent_introduction_/9737204 <p>Maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree shows that <b>(A)</b> all 123 <i>T</i>. <i>cruzi</i> isolated from bugs and domestic mammals in Arequipa form a monophyletic group with a single, recent common ancestor, indicative of a single immigration event in the recent past. Despite substantial genetic diversity among <i>T</i>. <i>cruzi</i> throughout South America, those collected in Arequipa show little diversity. <b>(B)</b> Three samples collected in Campo Florido and Naranjal, Peru and one sample from La Esperanza, Peru have nearly identical maxicircle sequences and form a monophyletic group. La Esperanza, Peru contains at least two distinct <i>T</i>. <i>cruzi</i> lineages, suggesting multiple independent introductions. <b>(C)</b> The only <i>T</i>. <i>cruzi</i> sample isolated from a human in Arequipa is distinct from all other samples from Arequipa, suggesting that this introduction has not established in the city. All tips represent a single sample except (A) (N = 123) and (B) (N = 4). All nodes have strong support (posterior probability≥0.99). Nodes are collapsed when the samples contained have nearly identical maxicircle sequences. Roman numerals signify DTU.</p>