10.1371/journal.ppat.1007899.g003 Kathryn McGuckin Wuertz Kathryn McGuckin Wuertz Piper M. Treuting Piper M. Treuting Emily A. Hemann Emily A. Hemann Katharina Esser-Nobis Katharina Esser-Nobis Annelise G. Snyder Annelise G. Snyder Jessica B. Graham Jessica B. Graham Brian P. Daniels Brian P. Daniels Courtney Wilkins Courtney Wilkins Jessica M. Snyder Jessica M. Snyder Kathleen M. Voss Kathleen M. Voss Andrew Oberst Andrew Oberst Jennifer Lund Jennifer Lund Michael Gale Jr. Michael Gale STING deficiency leads to increased innate immune signaling during WNV infection. Public Library of Science 2019 neuropathological West Nile virus infection West Nile Virus WT mice neurotropic RNA viruses IFN T cell response canonical STING activation control WNV infection DNA neurotropic WNV infection host defense arboviral encephalitic morbidity CNS terferon G ene re-emerging RNA virus 2019-08-15 17:30:34 Figure https://plos.figshare.com/articles/figure/STING_deficiency_leads_to_increased_innate_immune_signaling_during_WNV_infection_/9633905 <p>(A-B) (A) WNV detection in BMDM by RT-qPCR, (B) innate immune response gene expression in WNV-infected BMDM over an infection time course. Bone marrow was harvested and differentiated into BMDM with mMCSF for 7 days. Cells were infected and harvested at the indicated time-points. Mock infected cells harvested at 12hpi. n = 3 infectious replicates. Results were reproducibly significant in multiple studies. Calculated as linear fold change over WT Mock. Unpaired students t-test; p = 0.05*; p = 0.005**, p = 0.0005***. (C) Splenic WNV titers at D4 and D8 post infection (PFU/g detected by plaque assay). n = 3–4. Graphed as stacking points. Limit of detection indicated by dashed line. Unpaired students t-test; p = 0.05*. (D) <i>In vivo</i> innate immune profile in splenic and CNS tissues. RT-qPCR detection of innate immune genes in the spleen, spinal cord and brain regions (brain stem, cerebellum, sub-cortex). Columns indicate individual mice; rows the different tissues. Calculated as log (WNV) or linear (immune) fold change over GAPDH in WT Mock. Dark red indicates values outside of (above) set scale.</p>