Qualitative modeling of experimental results in second language learning. B. YildizIzzet von KriegsteinKatharina J. KiebelStefan 2013 <p><b>A</b>) The behavioral results of an experiment <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003219#pcbi.1003219-Meador1" target="_blank">[67]</a> for the recognition of English words by three groups of native speakers of Italian who differed in their age of arrival in Canada: Early, Mid and Late arrival groups, also compared to a native English speaker (NE) group. Participants were asked to repeat as many words as possible after they heard an English sentence. Sentences were presented at different signal-to-noise ratios given in decibels (dB). Adapted from <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003219#pcbi.1003219-Meador1" target="_blank">[67]</a>. <b>B</b>) The results of the learning and recognition simulations where we used the same speech samples as in the Word Recognition Task. The different age of arrival was modeled with different precision ratios at the first level. Recognition accuracy is measured in terms of normalized, total causal prediction errors during recognition relative to a baseline condition of −30 dB noise, i.e., recognition accuracy = 100*[(baseline prediction error-test prediction error)/baseline prediction error]. Note that we used different signal-to-noise ratios than the original experiment because best recognition results with our model were obtained at 30 dB, which corresponds to almost ideal recognition results in humans around 12 dB, and we scaled the remaining ratios accordingly. Each symbol represents the average recognition accuracy obtained from 10 digits where the stimulus was masked with noise at given signal-to-noise ratios.</p>