Increased expression of pattern recognition receptors on APCs from HIV-infected patients. H. NagyLauren GrishinaIrina MacalMonica A. HiraoLauren K. HuWilliam Sankaran-WaltersSumathi A. GaulkeChristopher PollardRichard BrownJennifer SuniMaria BaumlerAndreas J. GhanekarSmita MarcoMaria L. DandekarSatya 2013 <p>(<b>A</b>) Heatmap and (<b>B</b>) fold changes of PRR gene expression in isolated CD11c+ APCs from HIV-infected patients were compared to HIV-negative controls (HIV− n = 4, HIV+ n = 4) using DNA microarray analysis. P values determined by unpaired t test (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001). (<b>C</b>) Representative flow cytometry histograms of TLR2 expression of APCs from HIV-negative controls (black) and HIV+ patients (gray). (<b>D</b>) Median fluorescence intensity of TLR2 expression of APCs from HIV-negative controls (n = 20) and HIV-infected patients (n = 46). (<b>E</b>) Representative flow cytometry histograms of CD36 expression of APCs from HIV-negative controls (black) and HIV+ patients (gray). (<b>F</b>) Median fluorescence intensity of CD36 expression of APCs from HIV-negative controls (n = 20) and HIV-infected patients (n = 46). (<b>G</b>) Frequencies of APCs from HIV-infected patients (n = 7) producing IL-6, IL-12/IL23p40, and TNFα in response to <i>L. plantarum</i> WCFS1 with or without TLR2 blocking antibody. (<b>H</b>) Concentrations of IL-6, IL-12/IL-23p40, and TNFα following stimulation with <i>L. plantarum</i> WCFS1 with or without TLR2 blocking antibody as determined by ELISA (HIV+ n = 3–6). Each dot represents an individual subject. In the HIV+ group, open circles represent therapy-naïve patients, closed circles represent patients on HAART. Bars indicate median value. Bar graphs represent mean +/− SEM. P values determined using Mann Whitney U test or paired t test.</p>