10.1371/journal.pone.0203521.g005 Sinead T. Loughran Sinead T. Loughran Patrick A. Power Patrick A. Power Paula T. Maguire Paula T. Maguire Samantha L. McQuaid Samantha L. McQuaid Paul J. Buchanan Paul J. Buchanan Ingileif Jonsdottir Ingileif Jonsdottir Robert W. Newman Robert W. Newman Ruth Harvey Ruth Harvey Patricia A. Johnson Patricia A. Johnson Influenza HA specifically attenuates innate cytokines in HKSP-treated cells. Public Library of Science 2018 hemagglutinin-treated monocyte cultures Th 17 immunity virus predisposes individuals IL -17 responses IFN IL -23 levels Importance Influenza virus Streptococcus pneumonia IL -12p IL -23 influenza infection superinfection IL -17A 2018-09-07 17:53:54 Figure https://plos.figshare.com/articles/figure/Influenza_HA_specifically_attenuates_innate_cytokines_in_HKSP-treated_cells_/7061975 <p>The levels of (A) IL-6, IL-23, (B) IL-12p70, (C) IL-27, (D) IL-1β, (E) IL-10 and (F) TGF-β secreted by CD14<sup>+</sup> cells following 24 h treatment with HKSP, H1N1 HA (1μg ml<sup>-1</sup> or 3 μg ml<sup>-1</sup>) or H3N2 HA (1μg ml<sup>-1</sup> or 3 μg ml<sup>-1</sup>) alone or in combination with HKSP (or untreated as a control) were established by ELISA. Each column represents normalised mean cytokine levels + SEM of at least 3 experimental repeats of each treatment/donor. Each ELISA represents normalised results from multiple donors: (A) IL-6 (n = 3), IL-23 (n = 4), (B) IL-12p70 (n = 3), (C) IL-27 (n = 6), (D) IL-1β (n = 4), (E) IL-10 (n = 4), and, TGF-β (n = 3). Statistical analyses were performed to compare cytokine levels in cells exposed to HKSP versus cells exposed to H1N1 HA or H3N2 HA (1μg ml<sup>-1</sup> or 3 μg ml<sup>-1</sup>) in combination with heat-inactivated HKSP, by fitting a One-way ANOVA to the data and using a Sidak test to adjust for multiple testing (*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001).</p>