PPAR-γ ligands inhibit TGFβ-induced phosphorylation of Akt and myofibroblast differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. Ajit A. Kulkarni Thomas H. Thatcher Keith C. Olsen Sanjay B. Maggirwar Richard P. Phipps Patricia J. Sime 10.1371/journal.pone.0015909.g002 https://plos.figshare.com/articles/figure/_PPAR_947_ligands_inhibit_TGF_946_induced_phosphorylation_of_Akt_and_myofibroblast_differentiation_in_a_dose_dependent_manner_/478147 <p><i>A</i>, Primary HLFs were grown until 70–80% confluent, serum starved for 24 hours and treated with the indicated concentrations of PPAR-γ ligands for 48 hours. Total cell lysates were prepared, and subjected to SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting. The blot was probed with antibodies against phospho-Akt<sup>S473</sup>, stripped and probed to detect total Akt, αSMA and loading control GAPDH. The relative changes in the ratio of phospho-Akt<sup>S473</sup>/total Akt (R.P.) and relative changes in the expression of αSMA/GAPDH (R.E.) are as indicated in the figure. The experiment was performed in triplicate and a representative blot is shown here. <i>B</i>, LDH release does not increase in response to 15d-PGJ<sub>2</sub> or CDDO. Primary human lung fibroblasts were treated with either 5 µM 15d-PGJ<sub>2</sub> or 1µM CDDO for 72 hours and LDH release was measured (nmol/min/mL). <i>C</i>, Primary human lung fibroblasts were transfected with a PPRE luciferase reporter and a CMV β-galactosidase construct. Cells were treated with either 5µM 15d-PGJ<sub>2</sub> or 1 µM CDDO for 48 hrs and luciferase activity was measured. Background was subtracted and data normalized to β-galactosidase transfection efficiency and reported as fold induction of luciferase units over the untreated samples. These data represent three independent experiments (mean ± S.E. shown, **p≤0.01, *** p≤0.001, compared to untreated).</p> 2013-02-20 21:24:56 ligands inhibit phosphorylation akt myofibroblast differentiation dose-dependent