Simplified view of sex-determining pathways in the branchiopod crustacean <i>Daphnia</i> and insects. KatoYasuhiko KobayashiKaoru WatanabeHajime IguchiTaisen 2011 <p>An ESD pathway in <i>Daphnia</i> is compared with GSD pathways in insect model species, honeybee (<i>Apis mellifera </i><a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1001345#pgen.1001345-Gempe1" target="_blank">[64]</a>), Mediterranean fruit fly (Med. fly, <i>Ceratitis capitata</i>, <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1001345#pgen.1001345-Pane1" target="_blank">[62]</a>) and fruit fly (<i>Drosophila melanogaster </i><a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1001345#pgen.1001345-Pomiankowski1" target="_blank">[78]</a>). Conserved <i>Doublesex</i> and <i>Transformer</i> homologs are indicated with red and blue boxes, respectively. Phylogenetic relationships among the four species are shown above the pathways <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1001345#pgen.1001345-Glenner1" target="_blank">[42]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1001345#pgen.1001345-Gempe1" target="_blank">[64]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1001345#pgen.1001345-Ronshaugen1" target="_blank">[71]</a>. CSD, complementary sex determiner; <i>fem</i>, <i>feminizer</i>; <i>Am</i>, <i>Apis mellifera</i>: <i>Cc</i>, <i>Ceratits capitata</i>; <i>sxl</i>, <i>sex lethal</i>; mya, million years ago.</p>