Effects of palmitate on ER stress and apoptotic signaling pathways. Jiro Ikeda Toshihiro Ichiki Yusuke Takahara Hiroshi Kojima Chikahiro Sankoda Shiro Kitamoto Tomotake Tokunou Kenji Sunagawa 10.1371/journal.pone.0128546.g001 https://plos.figshare.com/articles/figure/_Effects_of_palmitate_on_ER_stress_and_apoptotic_signaling_pathways_/1444924 <p>RAW264.7 cells were treated with various concentrations (μmol/L) of palmitate (Black bar) or corresponding amount of BSA (White bar) for 16 hours. Western blot analyses for Phospho (P)-PERK (A), CHOP (B), Phospho (P)-JNK (C), cleaved caspase-3 (D) were performed. (E) The effect of palmitoleate on PERK phosphorylation was compared with that of palmitate in RAW264.7 cells. The bar graphs indicate the ratio of P-PERK to PERK, CHOP to α-tubulin, P-JNK to JNK, and cleaved caspase-3 to α-tubulin, respectively. *P<0.05, ** P<0.01 vs control. n = 4. (F) The effect of palmitate on PERK phosphorylation was examined in peritoneal macrophages. The effects of pioglitazone and SCD-1 inhibitor were also examined. **p<0.01 vs control (palmitate (-), pioglitazone (-)), ##P<0.01 vs palmitate, ††P<0.01 vs Palmitate+Pioglitazone. n = 4.</p> 2015-06-10 03:21:56 ER stress chop perk raw jnk Western Blot analysis scd type 2 diabetes agonist expression murine macrophage cell line ppar gw Macrophages BackgroundClinical trials ER stress marker