Integrated punch card controlled normally-closed valves. George Korir Manu Prakash 10.1371/journal.pone.0115993.g004 https://plos.figshare.com/articles/figure/_Integrated_punch_card_controlled_normally_closed_valves_/1325877 <p>(A) Schematic of normally-closed valves depicting mechanism of operation. (B) 3D printed cantilever beam array with spaced pins (2 mm apart), utilized for implementing 15 independent normally-closed valves. (C, D) Micrograph from video of ten normally-closed valves under operation (side view), all of which are independently actuated based on the punch card tape. (E) Normally-closed valve in action, at a single instance of opening and closing depicting the time duration for a single cycle (0.54 seconds). The image depicts the entire region of PDMS deformation with a completely collapsed channel.</p> 2015-03-04 03:42:02 paper tapes example colorimetric water quality assays punch card programming volume fluid handling Card Programmable Microfluidics microfluidic paper tape encodes information PUNCHCARD microfluidics