10.1371/journal.ppat.1008014.g009 Jennifer R. Linden Jennifer R. Linden Claudia Flores Claudia Flores Eric F. Schmidt Eric F. Schmidt Francisco A. Uzal Francisco A. Uzal Adam O. Michel Adam O. Michel Marissa Valenzuela Marissa Valenzuela Sebastian Dobrow Sebastian Dobrow Timothy Vartanian Timothy Vartanian ETX treatment causes caveolae formation. Public Library of Science 2019 RAB MAL Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin endosome EEA Internalized caveolae fuse lipid raft-dependent vacuolation 60 kDA serum albumin 155 kDA IgG multivesicular bodies fuse basally CNS microvasculature caveolae-dependent transcytosis ETX causes blood brain barrier 70 kDa dextran ETX causes BBB permeability 376 Da fluorescein salt ETX binding multivesicular bodies blood brain barrier permeability ETX-induced BBB permeability exhibit ETX-induced BBB permeability 2019-11-08 18:34:45 Figure https://plos.figshare.com/articles/figure/ETX_treatment_causes_caveolae_formation_/10277540 <p>(A) SEM of primary BEC treated with or without 50nM of ETX for 1 hour. White arrows point to apical surface invaginations. (B) Higher magnification of surface invaginations on ETX treated BEC. (C) Vertical TEM sections of primary BEC treated with or without 50nM ETX for 2 hours. White arrows point to apical surface invaginations morphologically similar to caveolae. (D) Quantification of the number of caveolae per um of cell surface in control or ETX treated cells. Results expressed as Mean ± STDEV, *p<0.003 determined by T-Test, n = 3. (E) and (F) additional micrographs of BEC treated with 50nM ETX for 2 hours. Black arrows denote caveolae fusing into other internalized caveolae or endosomes. In some cells, large MVB are observed.</p>